Experimental investigation on heat transfer performance diamond nanofluid gravity heat pipe
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摘要: 热管是通过工质在管内的气液相态变化实现热量高效传递的换热元件，其中重力热管具有结构简单、工作稳定、成本低廉等优势，被广泛应用于工业生产的各个换热场合，尤其在节能、新能源的开发和利用方面发挥了显著的作用。本文中基于金刚石纳米流体开展重力热管的换热特性研究，探索特定条件下重力热管的最优工作参数。研究不同的纳米颗粒质量分数（0.5%~2.0%）、充液率（8%~26%）、纳米颗粒粒径（20和50 nm）、电源加热功率（3~18 W）和有无吸液芯等对金刚石纳米流体重力热管换热性能的影响，结果表明：当纳米颗粒质量分数为2.0%时，重力热管换热性能最佳，总热阻相比最大值降低28.4%~64.7%；当充液率为14%时，换热性能最好，总热阻相比最大值降低6.1%~8.5%；当选用粒径为50 nm的金刚石纳米流体时，重力热管换热性能整体优于20 nm的；当电源加热功率提高时，换热性能随之提升；当选用吸液芯重力热管时，其换热性能整体优于无吸液芯重力热管的换热性能。Abstract: Objectives: With the development of modern processing technology, heat accumulation has become an urgent processing problem that needs to be solved. A heat pipe is a heat exchange element that efficiently transfers heat through the gas-liquid phase change of the working fluid inside the pipe. Gravity heat pipe have advantages such as simple structure, stable operation, and low cost, and are widely used in various heat exchange scenarios in industrial production. They have played a significant role in energy conservation, the development and utilization of new energy, and in strengthening heat exchange during processing. This article prensents experimental research on diamond nanofluids, exploring the influence of different parameters on the heat transfer performance of diamond nanofluid gravity heat pipes, laying a foundation for the research and application of heat pipe technology in heat dissipation during machining processes such as drilling, milling, and grinding. Methods: The evaporation section is heated using a DC power supply and thermal resistance wire. K-type thermocouples and temperature acquisition cards are used to record the temperature of the evaporation and condensation sections of the gravity heat pipe. The influence of heating power, filling rate, nanofluid concentration, and nanoparticle size on the heat transfer performance of the gravity heat pipe is analyzed using thermal resistance R as an indicator. Results: The heat transfer performance of gravity heat pipes is investigated under a power range of 3-18 W, while maintaining a filling rate of 20% and a nanoparticle concentration of 1%. The results show that as the heating power increases, the temperatures of the evaporation and the condensation sections gradually increase, while the rise time gradually shortenes. The temperature difference between the evaporation and condensation sections shows a decreasing trend. When the heating power increases for the same concentration and filling rate of nanoparticles, the total thermal resistance shows a decreasing trend, but the magnitude of the decrease continues to decrease. Keeping the concentration of nanoparticles at 2% and the heating power at 6 W, the heat transfer performance of gravity heat pipes is investigated under conditions of filling rates of 8%, 14%, 20%, and 26%. The results show that the overall temperature of the 20 nm diamond nanofluid is higher than those of other filling rates at a 20% filling rate, while the overall temperature at a 26% filling rate is lower than at other filling rates. The overall temperature at a 26% filling rate is higher than at other filling rates. With the same mass fraction and heating power, as the filling rate increases, the total thermal resistance shows a trend of first decreasing and then increasing, with the minimum value of the total thermal resistance appearing at a filling rate of 14%. By maintaining a filling rate of 26% and a heating power of 12 W, the heat transfer performance of gravity heat pipes under 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0% mass fraction conditions is investigated. The results show that the overall temperature of 20 nm diamond nanofluid heat pipes is the highest at a 1% mass fraction, while the overall temperature is lower at a 2.0% mass fraction. The hot-end temperature of 50 nm diamond nanofluid heat pipes is the highest at a 1.5% mass fraction, and the cold-end temperature is the lowest. At a mass fraction of 2.0%, there is a situation where the hot-end temperature is lower and the cold-end temperature is higher. With the same filling rate and heating power, as the mass fraction increases, the total thermal resistance first increases and then decreases. At a mass fraction of 2.0%, the minimum total thermal resistance will appears. In addition, for diamond nanofluids with different particle sizes, there is a trend of heat transfer capacity decreasing first and then improving with increasing mass fraction. Maintaining a filling rate of 14% and a mass fraction of 2.0%, the heat transfer performance of gravity heat pipes with particle sizes of 20 nm and 50 nm was investigated. The total thermal resistance of 50 nm diamond nanofluid gravity heat pipes was always lower than that of 20 nm diamond nanofluid gravity heat pipes. However, as the heating power increases, the advantage of 50 nm diamond nanofluid gravity heat pipes tends to weaken. Maintaining a liquid filling rate of 14% and a mass fraction of 2.0%, the heat transfer performance of gravity heat pipes with and without a liquid absorbing core was investigated. The total thermal resistance of gravity heat pipes with suction cores is lower than that of heat pipes without suction cores, but as the heating power increases, the advantage tends to weaken. Conclusions: When the mass fraction is 2.0%, gravity heat pipes have the best heat transfer performance, with a total thermal resistance increase of approximately 28.4%-64.7% compared to the maximum value. When the filling rate is 14%, the heat transfer performance is the best, and the total thermal resistance decreases by about 6.1%-8.5% compared to the maximum value. When using diamond nanofluids with a particle size of 50 nm, the overall heat transfer performance of gravity heat pipes is better than that of 20 nm. When the heating power of the power supply increases, the heat exchange performance also improves. When using a gravity heat pipe with a liquid absorbing core, its overall heat transfer performance is better than that of a gravity heat pipe without a liquid absorbing core.
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Key words:
- gravity heat pipe /
- heat transfer coefficient /
- thermal resistance /
- diamond nanofluid
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图 1 重力热管换热试验平台
Figure 1. Platform for heat transfer performance analysis of gravity heat pipe
图 3 不同加热功率下的温度信号（金刚石粒径20 nm）
Figure 3. Temperature signals under different heating powers(with diamond nano-particle size of 20 nm)
图 4 不同加热功率下的温度信号（金刚石粒径50 nm）
Figure 4. Temperature signals under different heating powers(with diamond nano-particle size of 50 nm)
图 5 加热功率对重力热管热阻的影响
Figure 5. Influence of heating power on thermal resistance of gravity heat pipe
图 6 不同充液率下的温度信号（金刚石粒径20 nm）
Figure 6. Temperature signals under different filling ratios (with diamond nano-particle size of 20 nm)
图 7 不同充液率下的温度信号（金刚石粒径50 nm）
Figure 7. Temperature signals under different filling ratios (with diamond nano-particle size of 50 nm)
图 8 充液率对重力热管热阻的影响
Figure 8. Influence of filling ratio on the thermal resistance of gravity heat pipe
图 9 不同纳米颗粒质量分数下的温度信号（金刚石粒径20 nm）
Figure 9. Temperature signals under different mass fractions of nano-particle (with diamond nano-particle size of 20 nm)
图 10 不同纳米颗粒质量分数下的温度信号（金刚石粒径50 nm）
Figure 10. Temperature signals under different mass fractions of nano-particle (with diamond nano-particle size of 50 nm)
图 11 纳米颗粒质量分数对重力热管热阻的影响
Figure 11. Influence of nano-particle mass fractions on thermal resistance of gravity heat pipe
图 12 不同纳米颗粒粒径下的温度信号
Figure 12. Temperature signals under different nano-particle sizes
图 13 纳米颗粒粒径对重力热管热阻的影响
Figure 13. Influence of nano-particle size on thermal resistance of gravity heat pipe
图 14 有无吸液芯情况下重力热管的温度信号（金刚石粒径20 nm）
Figure 14. Temperature signals of gravity heat pipe with and without wick (with diamond nano-particle size of 20 nm)
图 15 有无吸液芯情况下重力热管的温度信号（金刚石粒径50 nm）
Figure 15. Temperature signals of gravity heat pipe with and without wick (with diamond nano-particle size of 50 nm)
图 16 有无吸液芯对重力热管热阻的影响
Figure 16. Influence of wick on thermal resistance of gravity heat pipe
表 1 换热试验参数
Table 1. Heat transfer test parameters
参数 取值 加热功率 Q / W 3，6，9，12，15，18 充液率 φ / % 8，14，20，26 纳米颗粒质量分数 ωnp / % 0.5，1.0，1.5，2.0 纳米颗粒粒径 rnp / nm 20，50 环境温度 θ' / ℃ 20 热管直径 d / mm 8 
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