Abstract: A new composite grinding wheel for rail grinding was developed by brazing technology and traditional hot pressing technology. The composite grinding wheel contained not only the components of traditional resin grinding wheel but also metal bonded diamond inserts.The new type of grinding wheel was used in the rail grinding test machine to compare with the traditional resin grinding wheel for workpiece grinding.The changes of grinding temperature and surface roughness after workpiece grinding were analyzed, and the grinding debris after rail grinding was analyzed by SEM and EDS.The results show that compared with the pure resin grinding wheel, the peak grinding temperature of the workpiece ground with the new composite grinding wheel decreases by about 10%, and the more inserts in the grinding wheel, the larger the proportion of the decrease.The surface roughness of the workpiece decreases by more than 9% and increases with the increase of inserts in the grinding wheel. At the same time, the proportion of spherical debris is lower, and the atomic mass fraction of O element in the spherical debris is smaller.